An Overview of the Practices and Management Methods for Enhancing Seed Production in Conifer Plantations for Commercial Use

Flowering, the beginning of reproductive growth, is a significant stage in growth and development plants. Conifers are economically ecologically important, characterized by straight trunks good wood quality and, thus, conifer plantations widely distributed around world. In addition, species have tolerance to biotic abiotic stress, stronger survival ability. Seeds some species, such as Pinus koraiensis, rich vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements other nutrients, which used for food medicine. Although conifers largest (giant sequoia) oldest living plants (bristlecone pine), their cycle relatively long, seed yield unstable. present work, we reviewed selected literature provide comprehensive overview on most influential factors methods techniques that can be adopted order improve flowering production species. The review revealed yields affected variety factors, pollen, temperature, light, water availability, etc., number management techniques, including topping off, pruning, fertilization, hormone treatment, supplementary pollination, etc. has been developed improving cone yields. Furthermore, several flowering-related genes (FT, Flowering locus T MADS-box, MCMI, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENCES SRF) play crucial role coniferous trees were identified. results this study useful forest managers enhancing commercial use.